Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Earthquakes: A Review of Risk and Protective Factors and Psychosocial Interventions
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Earthquakes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9766/0wst1419الكلمات المفتاحية:
Eartquake، Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder، disaster mental healthالملخص
Earthquakes may cause substantial and persistent psychological consequences alongside physical destruction. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major mental health problem following earthquakes. This review examines post-earthquake PTSD with a focus on risk factors, protective factors, and psychosocial interventions. Severe trauma exposure, physical injury, bereavement, displacement, pre-existing mental health problems, economic hardship, and limited social support may increase PTSD risk. Social support, adaptive coping, access to basic needs, and community ties may facilitate recovery. Post-earthquake mental health care should extend beyond clinical treatment. Early psychosocial support, follow-up of high-risk groups, specialized treatment when needed, and community-based services are essential components of care. Integrating mental health services into disaster preparedness, response, and long-term recovery may strengthen continuity and accessibility of care.
المراجع
Aker, T. (2006). 1999 Marmara depremleri: epidemiyolojik bulgular ve toplum ruh sağlığı uygulamaları üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 204-212.
Altındağ, A., Özen, S., & Sır, A. (2005). One-year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among earthquake survivors in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46(5), 328-333.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Başoğlu, M., Kılıç, C., Şalcıoğlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 133-141.
Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Kalender, D., & Acar, G. (2007). Single-session behavioral treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized waiting list controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(1), 1-11.
Cénat, J. M., & Derivois, D. (2014). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 111-117.
Cénat, J. M., Mukunzi, J. N., Noorishad, P. G., Rousseau, C., Derivois, D., & Bukaka, J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health programs among populations affected by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 227-238.
Epping-Jordan, J. E., van Ommeren, M., Ashour, H. N., Maramis, A., Marini, A., Mohanraj, A., et al. (2015). Beyond the crisis: Building back better mental health care in 10 emergency-affected areas using a longer-term perspective. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), 15.
Fan, F., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Mo, L., & Liu, X. (2011). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 44-53.
Galea, S., Nandi, A., Stuber, J., Gold, J., Acierno, R., Best, C. L., et al. (2007). Participant reactions to survey research in the general population after terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 467-475.
Gören, A. B. (2023). Afet sonrası ikincil travmatik stres ve dini başa çıkma: Kahramanmaraş depremi örneği. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(1), 80-100.
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., et al. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70(4), 283-315.
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2007). IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. IASC.
Korucu, T. Ş., & Kaya, D. Ö. (2023). Yeniden yaşama sarılmak: Deprem sonucu gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu yönetiminde temel beden farkındalık terapisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 755-761.
Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X., & Luo, H. (2013). What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: Age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 127(7), 644-652.
Kurt, E., & Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), 957-972.
Lai, T. J., Chang, C. M., Connor, K. M., Lee, L. C., & Davidson, J. R. (2004). Full and partial PTSD among earthquake survivors in rural Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 313-322.
Math, S. B., Nirmala, M. C., Moirangthem, S., & Kumar, N. C. (2015). Disaster management: Mental health perspective. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 261-271.
Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 467-480.
North, C. S., Oliver, J., & Pandya, A. (2013). Examining a comprehensive model of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder in systematically studied survivors of 10 disasters. American Journal of Public Health, 103(4), e38-e46.
Patel, V., Chowdhary, N., Rahman, A., & Verdeli, H. (2011). Improving access to psychological treatments: Lessons from developing countries. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 523-528.
Rajkumar, A. P., Premkumar, T. S., & Tharyan, P. (2008). Coping with the Asian tsunami: Perspectives from Tamil Nadu, India on the determinants of resilience in the face of adversity. Social Science & Medicine, 67(5), 844-853.
Ruzek, J. I., & Yeager, C. M. (2017). Internet and mobile technologies: Addressing the mental health of trauma survivors in less resourced communities. Global Mental Health, 4, e16.
Tang, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Xue, C., & Zhang, L. (2014). A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 623.
Wang, X., Gao, L., Shinfuku, N., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., & Shen, Y. (2009). Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(3), 340-347.
World Health Organization. (2013). Building back better: Sustainable mental health care after emergencies. WHO.
Xu, J., & Song, X. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake 1 year after: Prevalence and risk factors. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 431-437.
Zang, Y., Hunt, N., & Cox, T. (2013). A randomised controlled pilot study: The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy with adult survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 41.
